[forensic-science] My new project

 

Please check out my new bloktalkradio show, Behind The Yellow Tape. The pilot episode will feature criminal profiler Maurice Godwin. RSVP even if planning to miss the livecast but plan to listen later

http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=197609600276666

The Pilot Episode of my blog radio show Behind The Yellow Tape
Location: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/behindtheyellowtape/2011/05/28/a-serial-killer-in-jennings-louisiana Note: You can still "attend" and check out the archived episode on the shows site later.
Time: ‎8:00PM Friday, May 27th

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Joint marine research for India, Chinese institutes

 

New Delhi, INDIA - Two top Indian and Chinese marine institutes have signed a pact for joint research in mari-culture, coastal zone management and marine biology, says the Goa-based National Institute of Oceanography (NIO).

'The memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been signed for five years for joint marine science research between NIO and China-based Zhejiang Ocean University (ZOU). We hope to learn a lot from each other about marine science practices,' an NIO spokesperson said.

'The envisaged cooperation and consultation in the chosen areas will be accomplished through joint research proposals, researchers and information exchanges, access to research enabling instrumentation and formation of an implementation committee comprising staff scientists and faculty from NIO and ZOU,' he said.

Top Indian marine scientist N. Ramaiah and Wu Changwen from ZOU will be coordinating the entire joint research exercise.

While NIO is a top marine research body functioning under the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), ZOU is a renowned public university, which specializes in marine research.

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Whale Wars: Is Global Warming Threatening Antarctic Krill, Whales?

 

Chaple Hill, NC - Marine biologists at Duke University report an unprecedented number of humpback whales off the coast of the West Antarctic Peninsula, feeding on the largest swarm of krill seen in the region in more than 20 years. While this may seem like good news to animal lovers, the marine biologists claim global warming is to blame and the prevalence of both krill and whales is a bad thing.

The Duke team claims a recent decline in regional sea ice is allowing whales to feed in krill breeding grounds that were previously protected by sea ice. Although the remarkable numbers and concentration of krill indicate the krill seem to be benefiting from the regional decline in sea ice, the Duke team claims the whales may soon consume so much krill that it will threaten the krill population.

Taking a bold step outside their marine biology expertise and into the realm of climate science, the team claims rapid global warming is the cause of the recent decline in sea ice off the West Antarctic Peninsula, as well as the cause of the recent boom in krill and whale concentrations.

Precise measurements from NASA satellites, however, show Antarctic sea ice has been expanding for at least the past 30 years. Record Antarctic sea ice extent has been repeatedly measured during the past four years. The lone portion of Antarctica where sea ice is not expanding is the West Antarctic Peninsula region, where scientists have documented a number of active undersea volcanoes warming the water. Even with this small portion of Antarctic sea ice in modest retreat,

Antarctic sea ice as a whole continues to grow. Given the consistent, longstanding growth in overall Antarctic sea ice, it seems a bit of a stretch for the Duke marine biologists to claim rapid global warming is responsible for the allegedly undesirable proliferation of krill and whales off the West Antarctic Peninsula.

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Activists seek Dutch killer whale's freedom

 

Activists Fight For Orca's Freedom (Take Action)

Image by mrmritte
A young orca whale, Morgan, is currently being held captive in the Netherlands. Activists are taking legal action in hopes of freeing her back into her natural habitat. Read on and get involved… – Global Animal
The Black Fish
The Orca Coalition, of which The Black Fish is one of seven organisations, now has the support of a lawyer and has initiated legal steps to move the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation to accept a "second opinion" about the future of orca Morgan. After more than seven months the young female killer whale is still being held in a small tank in the Dolphinarium Harderwijk. The Orca Coalition's first demand is to transfer Morgan to a specially designed enclosure in Deltapark Neeltje Jans in The Netherlands as soon as possible. This is a more natural environment and she will have more space. There she will be under permanent expert supervision to begin the first steps towards her rehabilitation.
More than 40 independent international orca experts united in the Free Morgan Group, presented a rehabilitation and release plan to the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation in the Netherlands last year. However, the plan was ignored while a report presented by the Dolphinarium recommending Morgan to remain in captivity, was adopted by the Ministry without any review. In the Dolphinarium's report, seven "independent" experts advised against the release of Morgan. The Orca Coalition challenges both the independence and expertise of these so-called `experts'. Doubts cast on their independence and expertise are based on the fact that one of the `expert panel' is made up of an orca trainer, a SeaWorld veterinarian, a seabird expert, and someone who has been working closely with the Dolphinarium for years.
The lawyer representing the Orca Coalition, Mr. Wijngaarden from the law firm Böhler in Amsterdam, has started legal proceedings on behalf of the Orca Coalition. Relevant information about the orca must no released and a second opinion in the form of the Coalition's plan must be accepted by the Ministry for consideration. The Orca Coalition is of the opinion that adherence to international laws and regulations governing cetaceans will eventually result in the release of Morgan.
"The orca is entitled to a fair chance to regain her freedom. The Ministry should not accept the advice from the Dolphinarium without an independent review", states Mr. Wijngaarden, lawyer for the Orca Coalition.
The Orca Coalition has received much support from around the world. Members of the public who wish to help contribute to the legal action can do so through the website: http://www.orkacoalitie.nl
The Orca Coalition is a collaboration between the animal welfare and conservation organisations: Sea First Foundation, Pink!, Dolphinmotion, Een Dier Een Vriend, Bite Back, The Black Fish and Vier Voeters.
http://theblackfish.org/news/legal-action-for-morgan.html

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] "U.S. must drill Gulf, ANWR" – Florida Senate president

 

Fla. Senate President Haridopolos: US Must Drill in Gulf, Alaska
Tuesday, 26 Apr 2011 11:18 AM
By Henry J. Reske and Ashley Martella

The United States must abandon President Barack Obama's policies and drill for oil in the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska because $4 gas is crippling the middle class, Florida Senate President Mike Haridopolos tells Newsmax.TV.

With some predicting $6 a gallon gas by summer, the GOP candidate for Democratic U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson's seat said the country must drill for oil to become less dependent on foreign nations.

"We need to move away from these rogue dictatorships whether it be in central or South American let alone in the Middle East," he said. "This is our time to lead by example. We need to open up those new opportunities in the Gulf and ANWR. Four dollars-plus in gasoline are crippling the middle class. This is the biggest tax hike ever, and Obama has pushed this way because we are relying more and more on these folks in the Middle East. America needs to lead by example on energy production and it starts with drilling in places like ANWR, let alone the Gulf of Mexico."

Regarding the upcoming race for the presidency, Haridopolos declined to single out a Republican he thought had the best chance of beating Obama in 2012, but quipped, "Whatever Republican's running, I'm voting for him. We can only upgrade from where we are at currently." He noted that a number of top candidates, including former Republican Govs. Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota, Mike Huckabee of Arkansas, and Mitt Romney of Massachusetts, have traveled to Florida.

"The good news for Floridians is they're all coming to court Florida because they know whoever wins Florida is most likely be the next president of the United States," Haridopolos said. "I must admit I am a little partial to [former Florida Gov.] Jeb Bush, I still hope he gets in this race. With that said, I think we'll have a strong field with the names I've mentioned and there's still some out there we haven't mentioned. Again, this is a wide-open field and that's a good thing. Competition builds a better candidate and we have to win in 2012 and we have to retake the United States Senate."

With the Florida legislative session winding down, Haridopolos said that, no matter how fiscally responsible a state may be, there always is room for more cuts.

"I think government can always go on a diet," he said. "There's a lot of room for a diet here . . . I think one area we want to make big changes is pension reform. I really applaud the efforts of Chris Christie in New Jersey. He's done remarkable things in his state in taking on pension reform.

"We're doing the exact same thing here in Florida. We're the last of the states in pushing state workers to actually contribute to their own retirement. You'll see within the next couple of weeks we'll ask our state workers to step up and start to pay for their own pensions and that will free up more resources for tax relief and making sure of a balanced budget without raising taxes."

On other issues, Haridopolos said:
Florida legislators must address the problem of pill mills in the Sunshine State because "up to 10 people a day are dying in Florida because we're the pill-mill capital of the world." But any legislative fix must make sure not to place a "bureaucrat between you and your doctor," he cautioned.
The United States needs a federal balanced budget amendment to provide stability so that the job creators in the country can go back to work because they "know the government will not spend it into oblivion."

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Whale gluttony in Antarctica: Save the krill?

 

Whale of a Record: 306 Humpbacks Spotted Near Antarctica
by Andrea MustainDate: 28 April 2011 Time: 10:42 AM ET


A humpback whale breaches in Wilhelmina bay.
CREDIT: Ari Friedlaender.

A record-breaking crowd of humpback whales has been seen in chilly waters near Antarctica, giving researchers a unique opportunity to study the colossal creatures — not to mention a few thrills.

However, scientists warn the unprecedented whale numbers, drawn to the region for all-night feasting on their favored prey, may portend hard times ahead for the region's other residents in an ominous sign of climate change.

A research team saw the humpbacks, 306 all together, in tiny Wilhelmina Bay, a slice of water along the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, a long finger of land that juts out from the continent and points toward South America. [In Photos: Tracking Humpback Whales.]

The research team counted five whales per square kilometer. Picture New York's Central Park, and that translates to 15 whales, each about 45 feet (13 meters) long, hanging around the premises. The previous observation record was about one whale per square kilometer.

"In the published literature this is the highest density estimate for humpback whales, period," said Ari Friedlaender, a research scientist at Duke University in North Carolina and co-author of a paper published today (April 27) in the online science journal PLoS ONE.

Researchers studied the bay during two six-week trips in May 2009 and 2010, a time of year when summer is waning and the colder weather of austral autumn is setting in. It was 2009 that saw record-breaking whale crowds, but similarly impressive numbers were around in 2010 as well.

Whale buffet

Friedlaender said discovering they were floating amid a crowd of hundreds of whales, each longer than a school bus, was quite an experience.

"It was completely new and kind of shocking to be honest," Friedlaender told OurAmazingPlanet. "We're used to working in areas where you might run across five, 10, 15 whales in a day. We were not prepared for this in any way."

From their research vessel, the team witnessed whale gluttony that might make the Romans blush. The bay was teeming with tiny marine creatures called krill — humpback whales' favorite food — roughly 2 million tons worth, data indicate. Instruments aboard the ship showed the ghostly pink, shrimplike crustaceans were swarming the bay from the surface waters to as far as 985 feet (300 meters) down.

The whales would feed continuously for 12 or 14 hours, "gorging until 9 or 10 the next morning, when they would kind of go into a food
coma, and just be asleep on the surface," Friedlander said. "So it made counting them very easy."

But the researchers weren't just there to count the whales — they also affixed tags to the humpbacks, which, for the 24 hours they stay attached to the massive beasts, capture data on everything from temperature to sound to position, allowing researchers to construct a 3-dimensional map of the whale's underwater activities, complete with a soundtrack.

The lethargic whales sometimes barely budged when researchers paddled up in a small boat and thwapped a tag onto their heads. "A couple times we put tags on whales that didn't wake up, which is kind of embarrassing for the whales," Friedlaender said.

However, all the whale feasting and easy access for researchers may come with a high price, Friedlaender said, because of the complex relationship between krill, predators and sea ice, which is disappearing from the region.

Sea ice-free

Climate change is keeping the region ice-free for far longer than in past years, said Ted Scambos, a lead scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), part of the University of Colorado.

The history of Antarctica's sea ice is a complicated one. Records indicate there was a huge drop in sea ice around the frigid continent sometime in the '60s or early '70s to near-present day levels — and there has been a slight increase in sea ice since then.

However, Scambos said, there is one big exception: the Antarctic Peninsula, particularly the western side, "where everything is going gangbusters in the direction of warming."

Changes in wind patterns have brought warm weather to the region, and the area around the peninsula has warmed by 4 or 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit in the last 50 years, Scambos said.

"It's already made a major transition from a coastline that was bound by ice most of the time, to a coastline that is surrounded by open water most of the time," Scambos told OurAmazingPlanet.

Crucial krill

Sea ice is crucial for krill populations, acting as a sanctuary, a nursery and a rich pasture for the tiny crustaceans.

Under the cover of sea ice, the young krill are shielded from predators, and the older krill feed on the algae and phytoplankton that live beneath the floating ice fortresses.

No sea ice means the krill are laid bare as an all-you-can-eat buffet for whales.

"You've got the krill getting it on both ends," Friedlander said.

In addition, creatures that are land-bound, such as penguins and seals, have a hard time reaching krill without sea ice, which provides a natural raft to reach the abundant food source.

"In the short term, the whales are going to be the ones that gain, but in the long term, if we increase the predation rate and decrease the amount of recruitment in the population, there's going to be less krill for everybody," Friedlaender said, adding that it's important to be aware of the situation, and understand what the extent of the challenges are going to be, especially since few people have the opportunity to see the region for themselves.

"It's a difficult experience to describe, being in a bay in Antarctica with a lot of whales," Friedlaender said. Photographs don't quite do it justice, he said.

"Down there it's all around you. It's hard to look at a photograph and get the feeling of being very small and very cold," he added. "If you get used to this, you need to readjust what you think is special."

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Ocean-floor migration

 

Woods Hole, MA - How surface winds blow deep-sea critters from vent to vent. Getting ready to move home. Ever since their discovery in the 1970s, deep-sea vents—chimney-like structures on the ocean floor that belch hot water and dissolved minerals into the surrounding ocean—have been one of the hottest topics in marine biology. The vents support populations of bacteria, giant worms, clams, shrimp and other creatures in the inky darkness, often several kilometres below the surface. Unlike virtually every other ecosystem on the planet, these deep-sea communities do not rely on the sun for their food. Instead of using photosynthesis, the bacteria at the bottom of the food chain harvest energy from chemicals supplied by the vents themselves.

The vents are both widely spaced and transient, which means their denizens live a precarious existence. Yet travel between vent systems is apparently possible, even across miles of desolate ocean floor. Creatures confined to islands rapidly head in a different genetic direction to mainland relatives; but researchers have found surprisingly little genetic variation between the populations of even quite widely spaced ocean-bottom vents. Last year one paper described how a vent system that had been wiped clean by a volcanic eruption was quickly recolonised by a variety of larval creatures, some of which seemed to have travelled from another vent more than 300km (190 miles) away. Exactly how has remained a mystery.

Now a group of scientists led by Lauren Mullineaux at America's Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has described in Science how such transfers could happen—and, in the process, discovered something surprising about how surface weather influences the deep ocean, traditionally thought of as an isolated, closed world.

The group was monitoring vents more than 2km beneath the surface in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America when it found that quantities of larva and certain chemicals being emitted both fell sharply during periods of unusually strong deep-sea currents. This is consistent with larva and effluent from the vents being swept away into the open ocean. As a colonisation strategy, dispersal by ocean current would be unreliable—with vent systems so scarce, most of the larva swept out to sea would presumably perish—but plenty of plants on land adopt a similar approach using the wind.

The research offers more than just an insight into the life cycle of subsea gribblies. The powerful deep currents were strongly correlated with the passage of wind-generated mesoscale eddies: swirls of water tens or even hundreds of kilometres across on the ocean surface. The idea that surface winds can influence deep-sea currents is surprising, and it suggests that the atmosphere's influence may extend far deeper into the oceans than previously thought. The researchers found that the surface eddies—and presumably, the deep currents as well—tended to form between autumn and spring, and were more common during El Niño years. Even in the frigid darkness of the deep ocean it seems there may be weather and seasons of a sort.

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[forensic-science] J Neurosci Rural Pract - New issue Online

 


Dear Member,

Jan-June 2011 issue of J Neurosci Rural Pract is now available online

http://www.ruralneuropractice.com/currentissue.asp?sabs=n
<http://www.ruralneuropractice.com/currentissue.asp?sabs=n>

Regards

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] 'Explosive' Evolution in Pupfish

 

MEXICO — Two groups of small fish, one from a Caribbean island and one from the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, exhibit some of the fastest rates of evolution known in any organism, according to a new UC Davis study.

About 50 species of pupfish are found from Massachusetts to Venezuela -- and they are all pretty much the same, said lead study author Chris Martin, a UC Davis graduate student working with Peter Wainwright, a professor of evolution and ecology at UC Davis.

"They look the same and they act the same," eating detritus and algae off rocks, Martin said.

Except in two places. In shallow, salty lakes on San Salvador island in the Bahamas, Martin found that one of the three pupfish species present lives by biting the scales off other fish, while another eats small snails and clam shrimp.

No other pupfish is known to eat scales, Martin said.

Among pupfish originally from the Yucatan area, one eats other fish and another feeds on plankton. Sadly, these fish are now extinct in the wild and only found in labs and aquaria.

The pupfish evolved changes to their jaws to match their specialized diet, allowing Martin to construct an evolutionary map for the species.

If the evolution of all pupfish is like a steadily expanding cloud, Martin found that the San Salvador Island and Yucatan pupfish are like bursts of fireworks within it. They show explosive rates of evolution -- changing up to 130 times faster than other pupfish, he said.

It's not clear why the pupfish in the two locations are evolving so fast. In both places, the lake water is hot and salty -- but that's true in other places where pupfish live. And mosquito fish, found in the same two lakes, show no signs of rapid change.

Martin is continuing his research by taking lab-bred fish, including hybrids, back to the lakes to see whether they thrive. He hopes to see which fish succeed out of a spectrum of hybrids.

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[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Record Number of Whales, Krill Found in Antarctic Bays

 

McMurdo, ANTARCTICA — Scientists have observed a "super-aggregation" of more than 300 humpback whales gorging on the largest swarm of Antarctic krill seen in more than 20 years in bays along the Western Antarctic Peninsula.

The sightings, made in waters still largely ice-free deep into austral autumn, suggest the previously little-studied bays are important late-season foraging grounds for the endangered whales. But they also highlight how rapid climate change is affecting the region.

The Duke University-led team tracked the super-aggregation of krill and whales during a six-week expedition to Wilhelmina Bay and surrounding waters in May 2009. They published their findings on April 27 in the online science journal PLoS ONE.

"Such an incredibly dense aggregation of whales and krill has never been seen before in this area at this time of year," says Duke marine biologist Douglas Nowacek. Most studies have focused on whale foraging habitats located in waters farther offshore in austral summer.

Nowacek and his colleagues observed 306 humpback whales -- or about 5.1 whales per square kilometer, the highest density ever recorded -- in Wilhelmina Bay. They measured the krill biomass at about 2 million tons. Small, floating fragments of brash ice covered less than 10 percent of the bay. The team returned in May 2010 and recorded similar numbers. Smaller but still higher-than-normal counts were also reported in neighboring Andvord Bay.

Advancing winter sea ice used to cover much of the peninsula's bays and fjords by May, protecting krill and forcing humpback whales to migrate elsewhere to find food, Nowacek says. But rapid climate change in the area over the last 50 years has significantly reduced the extent, and delayed the annual arrival, of the ice cover, says Nowacek, who is the Repass-Rodgers University Associate Professor of Conservation Technology.

"The lack of sea ice is good news for the whales in the short term, providing them with all-you-can-eat feasts as the krill migrate vertically toward the bay's surface each night. But it is bad news in the long term for both species, and for everything else in the Southern Ocean that depends on krill," says Ari S. Friedlaender, co-principal investigator on the project and a research scientist at Duke.

Antarctic krill are shrimp-like creatures that feed primarily on phytoplankton and live in large swarms in the Southern Ocean. Penguins, seals, seabirds and many whale species rely on the protein-rich, pinky-sized crustaceans as a source of food. Commercial fisheries are allowed to harvest up to 3 ½ tons of the krill a year as food for farm-raised salmon and for oil, rich in omega-3 acids, which is used in human dietary supplements.

Around the Western Antarctic Peninsula, krill migrate in austral autumn from open ocean waters to phytoplankton-rich bays and fjords, where juveniles feed and the population overwinters under the protective cover of ice. There is a strong correlation between the amount of sea ice and the amount of krill that survive the long, harsh Antarctic winter.

"If there are more areas with large aggregations of krill hanging out in waters where sea ice has diminished, you could see a big decrease in the standing krill stock, especially if we have a few years of back-to-back bad ice and the krill can't replenish themselves," Friedlaender says.

Scientists already have documented drops in krill abundance over the last 50 years related to reduced sea ice cover. Further drops could have far-reaching consequences. Seals and penguins have a relatively small foraging range, and some can't eat any prey other than krill or hunt without the presence of sea ice. Whales can migrate longer distances and might be able to find food elsewhere, but may be affected in other ways, as evidenced by snippets of unexpected sounds being transmitted by 11 whales the Duke team tagged in the study.

"We're starting to hear songs being produced by whales in the Antarctic -- sexual advertisements typically heard only in humpback breeding grounds that are located thousands of miles away from these bays," Friedlaender says.

Humpback whales typically reproduce once every three years, "so if a female doesn't have to go to the breeding grounds every year -- if she has access to food here and isn't being forced out by sea cover -- why should she leave?" Nowacek says. The presence of more females, coupled with access to a nightly krill feast, entices more males to stick around too. "So this may affect the timing and location of humpback breeding and other important lifecycle events."

Consideration of these factors, and the effects of rapid climate change, on krill dynamics will be critical to managing sustainable krill harvests and the continued recovery of baleen whales in the Southern Ocean, he says.

Nowacek holds appointments at Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment and Pratt School of Engineering. He and Friedlaender's co-authors on the study were Patrick Halpin, David Johnston and Andrew Read of Duke; Elliott Hazen of the NOAA/University of Hawaii Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research; Boris Espinasse of the Université de la Méditerranée; and Meng Zhou and Yiwu Zhu of the University of Massachusetts. The study was conducted aboard the research vessel Lawrence M. Gould, which is operated by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs.

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